Method for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth, in particular for the diagnosis of endometriosis. The invention also relates to a method of identifying a biomarker for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth and to biomarkers identified by said method.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method for detecting the presence of agynaecological growth, in particular for the diagnosis of endometriosis.The invention also relates to a method of identifying a biomarker fordetecting the presence of a gynaecological growth and to biomarkersidentified by said method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The incidence of endometriosis is not Known accurately but is estimatedat about 10% in women, Endometriosis is a significantly under-diagnosedand under-treated, disease. Diagnosis is usually made by visualizationof endometriosis lesions by invasive surgery through laparoscopy orlaparotomy with histological confirmation (Pasoto et al. 2008; Baidi etal, 2008).

Endometriosis is a benign gynaecological proliferative and inflammatorydisease in which endometrial or endometrial-like tissue, which normallyforms the uterine lining shed in menstruation, is present outside of itsnormal place in the uterus. Endometriosis growths occur most commonly inthe pelvis, around the outside of the uterus, on the ovaries, thefallopian tubes, but are also found on the bowel, the bladder, theintestines, the vagina and the rectum. Endometriosis tissue may alsooccur in the muscle layer of the wail of the uterus (adenomyosis).Rarely, endometriosis tissue may grow in other areas including the skin,the eyes, the spine; the lungs and the brain. Although not a cancer,endometriosis has certain characteristics in common with benign tumoursincluding progressive growth, invasive growth, oestrogen-dependentgrowth, recurrence and a tendency to metastasize (Van Gorp et al. 2004;Floras et al., 2007).

The normal endometrium lining of the uterus proliferates and thickensduring the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in response to risingcirculatory levels of progesterone and estradiol. When the progesteroneand estradiol levels fall at the end of the cycle (in the absence offertilization) the endometrium breaks down and bleeds and is shed inmenstruation, before re-growing: when progesterone and estradiol levelsrise again in the next cycle. Ectopic, endometriosis tissue is similarlyinfluenced by the hormones of the menstrual cycle and grows and breaksdown with bleeding. However, as this tissue is located outside of theuterus, the bleeding is internal with no way of leaving the body leadingto inflammation, pain, and the formation of scar tissue (adhesions).

Symptoms of endometriosis may include pain, infertility, dysmenorrhoeaand fatigue (Q′Hooghe and Bummelshoj, 2006; D′hooghe of et al., 2006).The severity of the symptoms varies with the position of theendometriosis growths and the severity and stage of the disease. Theseverity may also increase with the total life-time number of menstrualcycles experienced by the patient. For this reason early diagnosis andearly treatment to limit cycles is important. Endometriosis was thoughtto be rare in adolescents but is now more commonly diagnosed (Templeman,2009). Under diagnosis or late diagnosis is common because endometriosissymptoms are non-specific and because many patients are asymptomatic.Endometriosis often remains undetected for a number of years.

The etiology of the disease is not known but a number of theories havebeen put forward. One theory involves anatomical or biochemicalaberrations of uterine function; for example the implantation ofmenstrual tissue on pelvic organs following backwash of this tissue intothe pelvis possibly due to vaginal blockage of outflow. Another theoryinvolves small defects of embryogenesis in the foetus whereendometrial-like tissue is developmental misplaced. Other theoriesinvolve the travel of menstrual tissue through veins or lymphatic,vessels to other sites or the differentiation of blood cells originatingin the bone marrow into endometrial tissue at various sites (Bulun,2009; Signorile et al., 2009).

Treatment of the disease is by removal of the endometriosis tissuesurgically, often in the same operation in which diagnosis is made, orby the use of drugs including androgens (such as Danazoi), GnRH agonists(such as Leuprolide, Burserelin, Goserelin or Nafarelin), progestagens(such as Gestrinone or Medroxyprogesterone) and oral contraceptives.

Diagnosis of endometriosis is currently made by inspection of the pelvisby laparoscopy. If growths are identified simultaneous treatment may foeperformed (Kennedy et al., 2005). However, many patients with milddisease remain: undiagnosed. There is a need for non-invasive orminimally invasive methods for endometriosis diagnosis to facilitateearly treatment and to reduce the number of unnecessary laparoscopesperformed (D′Hooghe et al, 2006; Kennedy, 2006). /

Many methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis have been investigatedbut visualization of the lesions by invasive surgery through laparescopyor laparotomy remains the method of choice with a clinical sensitivity,of approximately 98% and a clinical specificity of approximately 79%(Baldi et al, 2008; de Almeida Filho et al, 2008).

Biomarkers investigated as diagnostic tools for endometriosis includecirculating DNA, the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor α, angiogenic factors, such as IL-8 andvascular endothelial growth factor and the tumour markers CA-125 and CA19-9 (Seeber, 2009). Despite research to identify circulatory biomarkersfor endometriosis, there is currently no clinically applicable bloodtest available for the detection of endometriosis (Zachariah et at,2009: Seeber et al 2009).

As single biomarkers have proved ineffective to date as diagnostic foolsin endometriosis., combinations of biomarkers that might together proveto foe diagnostic of the disease have been investigated. Serumconcentrations of C-reactive protein and high sensitivity C-reactiveprotein are reported to foe of little use as a diagnostic tool forendometriosis (Lermann et al, 2009). Measurements of a combination ofCCR1 mRNA in peripheral blood leukocytes and monocyte chemotacticprotein-1 (MCP-1) and CA125 protein in serum has been investigated as apossible diagnostic test for endometriosis. The expression of CCR1 mRNAin peripheral blood leukocytes was measured by quantitative real-timepolymerase chain reaction. MCP-1 and CA125 levels in serum weredetermined by ELISA and ECUA. The method was reported to have asensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 82% (Agic et al. 2008).

Mass spectrometry has been used to screen for proteins expresseddifferently in serum from patients with endometriosis versus normalcontrols, in one recent study three protein markers identified weremeasured to produce a sensitivity of 92%, and specificity of 75% (Zhanget al. 2009). In another study six proteins were measured to produce atest that identified approximately two thirds of endometriosis patients(Seeber, 2009).

Other minimally invasive methods investigated for the diagnosis ofendometriosis include global gene analysis of the eutopic endometrium atlate secretory phase (Sherwin et al, 2008) and patient response topreoperative hormonal therapy in terms of relief of chronic pelvic pain(Jenkins et al, 2008), but neither of these approaches has provedeffective.

Elevated levels of circulating nucleosomes have been defected in theblood of some endometriosis patients outdo not discriminate betweenhealthy and diseased subjects (Holdenrieder et al, 2001), Elevatedlevels of circulating DBA have also been detected in the blood, of someendometriosis patients and this has been investigated as a diagnosticmeasurement for the detection of endometriosis and found to have aclinical sensitivity of 70% and a clinical specificity of 87% (Zachariahet al, 2009, Zachariah et.al, 2008)

Two particular problems for blood assays of cell death products,including DNA (Zacharlah et al, 2009) and nucleosomes (Holdenrieder etal, 2001), for use as diagnostic tools for the detection ofendometriosis are that;

-   -   (i) they have poor clinical sensitivity. Whilst elevated levels        are found in some patients suffering with endometriosis, other        patients with endometriosis do not have elevated levels. This        leads to the misdiagnosis of many patients suffering with        endometriosis as being disease free.    -   (ii) they have poor clinical specificity. Whilst elevated levels        are found in some patients suffering with endometriosis,        elevated levels also occur in many other clinical conditions        including malignant and benign tumours, autoimmune conditions,        inflammatory conditions, and trauma. This means that not all        positive results are due to endometriosis and the tests        misdiagnose many patients with other conditions wrongly as        suffering with endometriosis.

Similarly problems occur for the use of markers of inflammation, such asC-reactive protein, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogenamyloid A and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumournecrosis factor, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule or white bloodcell count (Lermann et al, 2008). CA-125 has also been measured as apotential diagnostic -marker for endometriosis and, although more oftenused as a tumour marker, is known to be associated with inflammation.These markers have been found to be raised in many, but not -all,patients with endometriosis and may be raised in other conditionsleading to low clinical sensitivity and specificity.

Due to these problems some workers in the field have tried to produceblood tests for endometriosis with improved clinical sensitivity andspecificity following one or both of two broad strategies;

-   -   (i) workers have measured combinations of a number of markers in        the expectation that measurement of two or several or many        different markers in the same patient would provide improved        discrimination between patients with and without endometriosis.        Recent examples of this approach include the measurement of CCR1        mRNA in peripheral blood leukocytes and monocyte chemotactic        protein-1 (MCP-1) and CA125 protein in serum (Agio et al, 2008),        a combination of three protein biomarkers (Zhang et al, 2009)        and a combination of six protein biomarkers (Seeber 2009).    -   (ii) workers have measured markers in samples taken at different        phases within the menstrual cycle in the expectation that the        discrimination provided by the marker level between patients        with and without endometriosis may be improved by making the        measurements in samples taken during a particular phase of the        menstrual cycle, rather than samples taken at other phases or in        untimed samples. A recent example of this approach involved the        measurement of IL-1 receptor agonist in serum and peritoneal        fluid in endometriosis patients during the proliferative and the        secretory phases of the menstrual cycle, IL-1 receptor agonist        was found to he lower in the peritoneal fluid of endometriosis        patients than control patients but no such difference was found        in serum. Moreover, no difference was found in the levels of        IL-1 receptor agonist in samples taken during the secretory or        proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle in either serum or        peritoneal fluid samples (Zhang et al, 2007). This indicates        that no advantage is gained by measurement of IL-1 receptor        agonist in timed samples taken during a particular phase of the        menstrual cycle.

Similarly, serum: IL-12 and IL-18 levels were measured during thefollicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. IL-12 was raised inadvanced endometriosis over control subjects but no such difference wasobserved for IL-18. Neither IL-12 nor IL-18 levels varied between thefollicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, either inendometriosis patients or in control subjects (Fairbanks et al. 2009).

-   -   It has been reported that serum levels of CA-125, C-Reactive        Protein, amyloid A, and anti-cardiolipin antibodies are on        average elevated in endometriosis patients during Days 1-3 of        the menstrual cycle (the first 3 days of menses). The levels of        these markers were also measured during Days 8-10 of the        menstrual cycle and were also etevated, but on average less        etevated than during Days 1-3. Of these measurements serum        CA-125 levels during Days 1-3 were reported to be the best        predictor of advanced endometriosis although not for early        disease. Clinical specificity was not determined as comparison        was made with healthy patients and not tested, with patients        suspected of having endometriosis but found to be disease free        on laparoscopy (Abrao et al, 1997). This study was later        extended to include the measurement of CA-15-3, CA-19-9, CEA,        AFP and B2MG during Days 1-3 and 8-10. None of these additional        markers were found to be discriminatory for endometriosis (Abrao        of al. 1999) either during Days 1-3 or during Days 8-10.    -   (iii) Some workers have combined the previous two approaches and        measured multiple markers for endometriosis at different phases        of the menstrual cycle in the expectation that measurement of        multiple markers in the same patient would provide improved        discrimination between patients with and without endometriosis        and that this discrimination may be further improved by making        those measurements in timed samples taken at a particular phase        of the menstrual cycle. A recent example includes the        measurement of six serum cytokines as predictors of        endometriosis. The levels of three of these cytokines were found        to be raised in endometriosis, over levels found in healthy        patients. The best discriminator was found to be IL-6        measurement with sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 66%,        Discrimination was not improved by the inclusion of other        cytokine measurements. Measurements were taken during the        proliferative and secretory phases of the: menstrual cycle. No        difference was found in the serum cytokine levels of any of the        six markers when measured at different phases of the menstrual        cycle. This indicates that no advantage is gained by measurement        of multiple cytokines over IL-6 alone and that discrimination is        not improved by making the measurements in samples taken during        a particular phase of the menstrual cycle (Othmah et al, 2008).

Another example of mis approach involved the measurement of a pluralityof biomarkers in samples taken morn patients in a determined phase ofthe menstrual cycle and the analysis of the concentrations found using amathematical model to determine the presence or absence or degree ofdisease, in this approach the workers measured multiple biomarkers insamples taken during different phases (in particular the proliferativeand secretory phases) of the menstrual cycle. The aim of this was tomaximise disease discrimination by the inclusion of multiple biomarkersand measuring those biomarkers at the phase of the cycle where theirindividual and combined discrimination is maximised. The secretory phasewas selected as the phase where the greatest discrimination was foundand a computer programme was used to set multiple inter-dependentcuttoff points to maximise clinical sensitivity and specificity (WO2008/049175).

None of these methods has been adopted in clinical practice and anon-invasive blood test for endometriosis remains a clear and unmetmedical need (Zachariah et al, 2009; Seeber et al, 2000).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a methodfor detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth which comprisesthe steps of:

-   -   (i) determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycle;    -   (ii) taking body fluid samples at two or more different times        during the menstrual cycle, characterised in that a first sample        is taken during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle and a        second sample is taken during the luteal phase of the menstrual        cycle;    -   (iii) measuring nucleosomes or a component part thereof in the        body fluid samples; and    -   (iv) using the levels of nucleosome or a component part thereof        in, and the difference in biomarker levels between, the two        samples as an indicator of the presence of a gynaecological        growth.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a methodfor defecting the presence of a gynaecological growth which comprisesthe steps of:

-   -   (i) administering to a subject an exogenous hormone, or hormone        analogue, or hormone agonist, or hormone antagonist or a drug or        contraceptive steroid or other substance intended to induce a        gynaecological response in a stimulation or repression test; and    -   (ii) measuring nucleosomes or a component part thereof in a body        fluid; and (iii) determining whether the amount or nature of the        nucleosomes or component part thereof present in the body fluid        of the subject is altered by the administration of the said        exogenous substance such that any cell death as detected by the        release of nucleosomes or component part thereof, is associated        with a gynaecological growth.

According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a kit fordiagnosing or monitoring endometriosis which comprises a ligand orbinder specific for the nucleosome or component part thereof, or astructural/shape mimic of the nucleosome or component pari thereof,together with instructions for use of the kit in accordance with any ofthe methods defined herein.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a methodfor identifying a nucleosome component biomarker for detecting thepresence of a gynaecological growth which comprises the steps of;

-   -   (i) determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycle;    -   (ii) taking body fluid samples at two or more different times        during the menstrual cycle, characterised in that a first sample        is taken during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle and a        second sample is taken during either the follicular or luteal        phase of the menstrual cycle;    -   (iii) measuring nucleosomes or a component pari thereof in said        first and second samples; and    -   (iv) determining whether the amount or nature of nucleosomes or        component part thereof is controlled or influenced by the        menstrual cycle, such that control or influence indicates the        identity of a biomarker.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided abiomarker identified, by the method of the fourth aspect of theinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Variation in circulating nucleosome levels during the menstrualcycle in (a) women with endometriosis and (b) women with no detectableendometriosis (arbitrary units). Legends refer to: M=menses,F=follicular phase, P=peri-ovulatory phase, L=luteal phase.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a methodfor detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth which comprisesthe steps of:

-   -   (i) determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycle;    -   (ii) taking body fluid samples at two or more different times        during the menstrual cycle, characterised in that a first sample        is taken during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle and a        second sample is taken during the luteal phase of the menstrual        cycle;    -   (iii) measuring nucleosomes or a component part thereof in the        body fluid samples; and    -   (iv) using the levels of nucleosome or a component part thereof        in, and the difference in biomarker levels between, the two        samples as an indicator of the presence of a gynaecological        growth.

Circulating nucleosomes are a biomarker of cell death (Hoidenrieder andStieber, 2009). It has been reported previously that some women withendometriosis have elevated levels of circulating nucleosomes(Hoidenrieder et al 2001). There has been no investigation of whetherthese nucleosomes vary in level during different phases of the menstrualcycle. We have made serum measurements of circulating levels of intactnucleosomes in women not taking steroid drugs with endometriosis duringthe menses, follicular, peri-ovulatory and luteal phases of themenstrual cycle and compared these to similar measurements in women withno defected endometriosis by laparoscopy. Surprisingly nucleosome levelspeak during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and are low duringthe menses when the endometrial cells die and are shed and inflammationpeaks (Abrao et al 1997). The results are summarised in Table 1 and FIG.1.

According to one particular aspect of the invention which may bementioned, there is provided a method for detecting the presence of agynaecological growth which comprises the steps of;

-   -   (i) determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycle;    -   (ii) taking body fluid samples at two or more different times        during the menstrual cycle, characterised in that a first sample        is taken during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle and a        second sample is taken during either the secretory phase or the        late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle;    -   (iii) measuring a biomarker for cell death or destruction,        apoptosis, cell growth or inflammation in five foody fluid        samples; and

(iv) using the biomarker levels in, and the difference in biomarkerlevels between, the two samples as an indicator of the presence of agynaecological growth,

Previous reports on the use of biomarkers to detect endometriosis havefocused on the discrimination of those biomarkers for endometriosis insamples taken at random, or in timed samples taken at a particular phaseof the cycle, in most cases the levels of biomarkers are reported not tovary significantly when measured during different phases of themenstrual cycle, although some variation in CA-125 and C-ReactiveProtein levels has been reported in samples taken during Days 1-3 andDays 8-10 of the menstrual cycle (Abrao et al, 1997). The data presentedherein show that certain biomarkers for cell death and inflammation arenot produced continuously during the menstrual cycle in endometriosisbut are found in the blood during the luteal phase and are absent, orpresent at lower levels, during other phases of the menstrual cycle.

In one embodiment, said first sample is taken during Days 1-5 of themenstrual cycle and said second sample is taken during the periodcommencing Day 18 of the menstrual cycle and ending with the onset ofmenses in the subsequent menstrual cycle.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth whichcomprises the steps of (i) measuring a biomarker for cell death,apoptosis or inflammation in a biological sample and (ii) demonstratingthat the marker is associated with, caused by or emanates from thegynaecological growth wherever located in the body. According to afurther aspect of the invention, there is provided a method fordetecting the presence of a gynaecological growth which comprises thesteps of (i) measuring a biomarker in a biological sample and (ii)demonstrating that the said marker is produced during a particular phaseof the menstrual cycle but not at other times during the cycle, suchthat a gynaecological growth is indicated as the origin of the saidbiomarker.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for defecting the presence of a gynaecological growth whichcomprises the steps of (i) measuring a biomarker for cell death,apoptosls or inflammation in a biological sample and (il) demonstratingthat the said marker is produced during the luteal phase hut not atother times during the cycle, such that a gynaecological growth thatdegenerates causing cell death and/or inflammation during menses isindicated as the origin of the said biomarker.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that biomarkers forcell death, apoptosls or inflammation are non-specific biomarkers andthat high circulating levels of such biomarkers may indicate thepresence of a number of other conditions (including for example; manycancers, autoimmune disorders or other inflammatory conditions). Thepresent invention discriminates between subjects with high levels ofthese biomarkers due to endometriosis and subjects with high levels dueto other disorders where the biomarker levels are not associated with agynaecological growth and do not vary greatly during different phases ofthe menstrual cycle. This aspect provides the present invention withincreased clinical specificity for endometriosis and thus overcomes oneof the major disadvantages of previous methods for the defection ofendometriosis—that many patients with other conditions are wronglydiagnosed as having endometriosis.

As the data presented herein show that these markers are produced byendometriosis-patients during certain times of the menstrual cycle andnot at others, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, thatmeasurement of biomarkers in samples taken at times when the biomarkersare not produced, either in samples taken at random or in timed samples,will fail to detect many patients with endometriosis. This aspectprovides the present invention with increased clinical sensitivity forendometriosis and thus overcomes another of the major disadvantages ofprevious methods for the detection of endometriosis (that many patientswith endometriosis are wrongly diagnosed as being disease free).

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that dualmeasurement at times where the markers are present at maximal andminimal levels also increases the clinical sensitivity of the presentinvention further by detection of endometriosis in patients with mildlyelevated or normal biomarker levels where these levels fall markedlyduring Day 10 and onwards. This aspect provides the present inventionwith improved clinical sensitivity (in addition to improved clinicalspecificity) over other methods .involving measurement at Days 1-3 wheremild endometriosis cannot be detected (Abrao et al, 1907).

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth whichcomprises the steps of (i) measuring a biomarker for cell death,apoptosis or inflammation in a biological sample and (ii) demonstratingthat the amount or nature of said biomarker varies markedly during twoor more different phases of the menstrual cycle, such that thedifference in levels of said biomarker indicates the presence of agynaecological growth that is susceptible to cell death and/orinflammation during menses.

In one embodiment of said first aspect of the invention said firstsample is taken during Days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle and said secondsample is taken during the period commencing Day 18 of the menstrualcycle and ending with the onset of menses in the subsequent menstrualcycle. Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention, there isprovided a method for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growthwhich comprises the Steps of (i) measuring a biomarker for cell death,apoptosis or inflammation in a biological sample taken from a subjectduring Days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle and (ii) measuring thedifference between the levels of the biomarker found in this sample andthat found in another sample taken from the subject during Days 18 to28, such that the variation in levels of said biomarker indicates thepresence of a gynaecological growth that is susceptible to cell deathand/or inflammation during menses.

In one embodiment of said first aspect of the invention said firstsample is taken during the lime the subject is bleeding due tomenstruation and said second sample is taken when the patient is notbleeding due to menstruation. Thus, according to a further aspect of theinvention, there is provided a method for detecting the presence of agynaecological growth which comprises the steps of (i) measuring abiomarker for cell death, apoptosis or inflammation in a biologicalsample taken from a subject when currently menstruating or bleeding and(ii) measuring the difference between the levels of the biomarker foundin this sample and that found in another sample taken from the subjectwhen not bleeding or menstruating, such that the variation in levels ofsaid biomarker indicates the presence of a gynaecological growth that issusceptible to cell death and/or inflammation during menstruation.

In one embodiment, said nucleosome or component, pad thereof comprisesan intact, nucleosome, a histone including a post-translationallymodified histone, a histone variant or a nucleic acid including DNA ormethylated DNA.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth whichcomprises the steps of measuring a biomarker in samples taken during twodifferent phases of the menstrual cycle and using the difference in thetwo measurements, either absolute or relative (for example a percentagechange) as the indicator of the presence of endometriosis. Thus, forexample the presence of a biomarker for cell death, apoptosis orinflammation (such as, for example, nucleosomes, DNA, C-ReactiveProtein, CA-125 or interleukins) during menses which continues at anapproximately continuous level during the different phases of themenstrual cycle indicates the absence of endometriosis whereas achanging level of biomarker during the different phases of the menstrualcycle beyond, a certain threshold indicates the presence ofendometriosis in the patient.

According to a further aspect the invention involves the demonstrationof the origin of a biomarker of cell death or inflammation as beingassociated with a gynaecological growth by determining whether theamount or nature of the biomarker is influenced by the administration ofexogenous hormone, exogenous hormone analogue, hormone agonists hormoneantagonists or a drug or contraceptive steroid or other substanceintended to modify hormone activity in a stimulation or repression test.In such a test measurements of the biomarker are typically performed ina sample taken immediately before administration of the exogenoussubstance and then further measurements are made in samples taken at aspecific time or times after administration to detect an effect, in oneaspect the administration of exogenous substance would be aimed atstimulating a menses event and measuring a biomarker taken at a samplepre and post administration to determine if the menses stimulation wasaccompanied by an increase in biomarker. In another aspect theadministration of exogenous substances would be aimed at the preventionor amelioration of a menses event and measuring a biomarker taken at asample pre and post administration to determine if the prevention oramelioration of menses was accompanied by a decrease in the level of, orabsence of, a biomarker compared to previous menses or expected levels,it will be clear to those skilled in the art that an advantage of thisaspect is that the detection of endometriosis could be conducted inparallel with a treatment to prevent or ameliorate the symptoms of thegynaecological growth during menses.

Such hormones and drugs are known in the art and some are used in thetreatment of endometriosis (Jenkins et al, 2008). In this aspect adifference in the biomarker level before and after administration of theexogenous substance indicates menstrual control of the biomarker andpresence of endometriosis in the patient.

According to a further aspect of the invention, them is provided amethod for identifying a biomarker for detecting the presence of agynaecological growth which comprises the steps of (i) measuring abiomarker for cell death, apoptosis or inflammation in a biologicalsample and (ii) determining whether the amount or nature of saidbiomarker is controlled or influenced by menstrual hormones, such thatcontrol or influence of said biomarker indicates the identity of abiomarker.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided abiomarker identified by the method as defined herein.

A further aspect of the invention provides ligands, such as naturallyoccurring or chemically synthesised compounds, capable of specificbinding to the biomarker. A ligand according to the invention maycomprise a peptide, an antibody or a fragment thereof, or a syntheticligand such as a plastic antibody, or an aptamer or oligonucleotide;capable of specific binding to the biomarker The antibody can be amonoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof capable of specific binding tothe biomarker. A ligand according to the invention may be labeled with adetectable marker, such as a luminescent, fluorescent, enzyme orradioactive marker; alternatively or additionally a ligand according tothe invention may be labelled with an affinity tag. e.g. a blotin,avidin streptavidsin or His (e.g. hexa-His) tag.

A biosensor according to the invention may comprise the biomarker or astructural/shape mimic thereof capable of specific binding to anantibody against the biomarker. Also provided is an array comprising aligand or mimic as described herein.

Also provided by the invention is the use of one or more ligands asdescribed herein, which may be naturally occurring or chemicallysynthesised, and is suitably a peptide, antibody or fragment thereof,aptamer or oligonucleotide, or the use of a biosensor of the invention,or an array of the invention, or a kit of the invention to defect and/orquantify the biomarker. In these uses, the detection and/orquantification can be performed on a biological sample as definedherein.

Diagnostic or monitoring kits are provided for performing methods of theinvention. Such kits will suitably comprise a ligand according to theinvention, for detection and/or quantification of the biomarker, and/ora biosensor, and/or an array as described herein, optionally togetherwith instructions for use of the kit.

A further aspect of the invention is a kit for detecting the presence ofa gynaecological growth, comprising a biosensor capable of detectingand/or quantifying one or more of the biomarkers as defined herein.

Biomarkers for detecting the presence of a gynaecological growth areessential targets for discovery of novel targets and drug molecules thatretard or halt progression of the disorder. As the level of thebiomarker is indicative of disorder and of drug response, the biomarkeris useful for identification of novel therapeutic compounds in m vitroand/or in vivo assays. Biomarkers of the invention can be employed inmethods for screening for compounds that modulate the activity of thebiomarker.

Thus, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided the use ofa ligand, as described, which can be a peptide, antibody or fragmentthereof or aptamer or oligonucleotide according to the invention; or theuse of a biosensor according to the invention, or an array according tothe invention; or a kit according to the invention, to identify asubstance capable of promoting and/or of suppressing the generation ofthe biomarker.

Also there, is provided a method of identifying a substance capable ofpromoting, or suppressing the generation of the biomarker in a subject,comprising administering: a test substance to a subject animal anddefecting and/or quantifying the level of the biomarker present in atest sample from the subject.

The term “biomarker” means a distinctive biological or biologicallyderived indicator of a process, event, or condition. Biomarkers can beused in methods of diagnosis, e.g. clinical screening, and prognosisassessment and in monitoring the results of therapy, identifyingpatients most likely to respond to a particular therapeutic treatment,drug screening add development Biomarkers and uses thereof are valuablefor identification of new drug treatments and for discovery of newtargets for drug treatment.

It will he appreciated that the gynaecological growth may comprise anyectopic proliferative gynaecological disease in a human or animalsubject. In one embodiment, said gynaecological growth comprises abenign or malignant gynaecological growth, in a further embodiment, saidgynaecological growth comprises endometriosis in a human or animalsubject.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention, there is provideda method of diagnosing endometriosis in a human or animal subject whichcomprises the steps of (i) measuring a biomarker for cell death,apoptosis, cell growth or inflammation in a biological sample and (ii)determining whether the amount or nature of said biomarker varies duringthe menstrual cycle, such that the variation of said biomarker indicatesthe diagnosis of endometriosis.

The terms “detecting” and “diagnosing” as used herein encompassidentification, confirmation, and/or characterisation of agynaecological growth. Methods, of defecting, monitoring and ofdiagnosis according to the invention are useful to confirm the existenceof a growth, to monitor development of the growth by assessing onset andprogression, or to assess amelioration or regression of the growth.Methods of detecting, monitoring and of diagnosis are also useful inmethods for assessment of clinical screening, prognosis, choice oftherapy, evaluation of therapeutic benefit, i.e. for drug screening anddrug development.

Efficient diagnosis and monitoring methods provide very powerful“patient solutions” with the potential for improved prognosis, byestablishing the correct diagnosis, allowing rapid identification of themost appropriate treatment (thus lessening unnecessary exposure toharmful drug side effects), and reducing relapse rates.

In one embodiment, said biomarker is released from the cells of agynaecological growth. Thus, according to a further aspect of theinvention there is provided a method for the detection of agynaecological growth which comprises the steps of (i) measuring abiomarker in a biological sample that is associated with or releasedfrom the cells of a gynaecological growth and (ii) demonstrating thatthe said biomarker is associated with menstruation, such that saidbiomarker indicates the presence of a gynaecological growth.

In one embodiment, step (ii) comprises determining whether the amount ornature of the biomarker is influenced by the administration of anexogenous substance, for example an exogenous hormone, hormone analogue,hormone agonist, hormone antagonist or a drug or other substancesintended to modify hormone activity in a stimulation or repression test.In a further embodiment, said exogenous hormone comprises acontraceptive or other steroid, in one embodiment, multiple measurementsof the biomarker are performed. In a further embodiment, said multiplemeasurements comprise measurements before, at or near the time ofadministration of the said exogenous substance.

One embodiment comprises determining the day or phase of the menstrualcycle at the time of measuring the biomarker. Thus, according to afurther aspect of the invention there is provided a method for thedetection of a gynaecological growth which comprises the steps of (i)determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycle and (ii) measuring abiomarker of cell death, apoptosis, cell growth or inflammation in abiological sample at said day or phase of the menstrual cycle.

In one embodiment, measurement of the biomarker is performed at a day orphase of the menstrual cycle in which low or high levels in thebiological sample or nature of said biomarker are associated with thepresence of a gynaecological growth. In a further embodiment, multiplemeasurements of the biomarker are performed on the same day or phase ofmultiple menstrual cycles. Comparisons may be made between the amount ornature of biomarker in samples taken on two or more occasions.Assessment of any change in the amount or nature of the biomarker insamples taken on two or more occasions may be performed. Modulation ofthe biomarker level is useful as an indicator of the state of thegynaecological growth. An increase in the level of the biomarker overtime is indicative of onset or progression, i.e. worsening of thegrowth, whereas a decrease in the level of the biomarker indicatesamelioration or remission of the growth, or vice versa. Such anembodiment provides the advantage of allowing the prognosis of thegynaecological growth to be predicted.

One particular embodiment which may be mentioned is wherein step (ii)comprises determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycle at thetime of measuring the biomarker and performing multiple measurements ofthe biomarker at two or more days or phases in the menstrual cycle.Comparisons may be made between the samples taken on two or moreoccasions to assess whether changes to the amount and/or nature of thebiomarker during the menstrual phases have occurred which indicate agynaecological growth as the origin or cause of the biomarker.

According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided amethod for the detection of a gynaecological growth which comprises thesteps of (i) determining the days or phase of the menstrual cycle and(ii) measuring a biomarker of cell death, apoptosls, cell growth orinflammation in a biological sample taken during Days 18-28, andeliminating other possible causes of the presence of the biomarker suchthat endometriosis is left as the probable origin or cause of the saidbiomarker. Surprisingly this can be done on the basis of patientpresentation and medical history for many subjects. For example, causesof high levels of biomarkers of cell death, other than endometriosis maybe ruled unlikely on the basis of age, medical history and patientpresentation. Elimination of trauma (for example; severe injury orsurgery) can be eliminated by patient presentation and history. Extremeexercise (for example running a marathon) can be eliminated on patienthistory. Stroke and heart attack can be eliminated on patientpresentation and history. Sepsis or other serious infection can beeliminated on patient presentation and other less common causes cansimilarly be eliminated as improbable causes of high biomarker levels ofcell death in a suspected endometriosis patient. Thus it will be clearto those skilled in the art that measurement of a biomarker duringmenses, followed by active elimination of other possible causes of thepresence of said biomarker may indicate that endometriosis is the mostlikely cause of the biomarker. In another aspect of the inventionbiomarkers of both cell death and inflammation are measured duringmenses and other causes of raised biomarkers for both cell death andinflammation are eliminated on the basis of patient age, presentationand history-to leave endometriosis as the probable cause, in a furtheraspect, the invention comprises the steps of (i) measuring a biomarkerof cell death, apoptosls, cell growth or inflammation in a biologicalsample taken during menses, (ii) eliminating other possible causes ofthe presence of the said biomarker indicating endometriosis as theprobable origin and (iii) confirming endometriosis as the origin bylaparoscopy. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the advantageof this method will be to reduce the occurrence of unnecessarylaparoscopic surgeries and that this is only possible where the clinicalsensitivity of the method is high, that is to say that the proportion ofwomen with endometriosis wrongly diagnosed as not having the disease islow.

It will be appreciated that the day or phase of the menstrual cycle canbe determined in a number of ways known to the art. In one embodimentthe step of determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycle isdetermined by reference to patient symptoms related to the menstrualcycle, such as temperature, pain and the onset or end of menstrualbleeding.

In an alternative embodiment, the step of determining the day or phaseof the menstrual cycle is determined by measurement of menstrualhormones or metabolites. It will be appreciated that such hormones ormetabolites may be measured in a body fluid, such as blood or urine.Such measurements are known in the art and include measurements ofestradiol and other estrogens, progesterone, luteinising hormone,follicle stimulation hormone and hormone metabolites such as steroidglucuronides.

It is known that increased cell turnover, cell death and apoptosis leadto increased circulatory levels of markers such as cell free nucleosomesand cell free DNA (Holdenrieder et al, 2001; Swaminathan et al, 2006).Increased levels of circulating DNA and nucleosomes are found in theblood of endometriosis patients (Holdenrieder et al, 2001; Zachariah etal 2009). However, circulating cell free nucleosomes or DNA arenon-specific indicators and occur in a wide variety of other diseasesincluding inflammatory diseases, a large variety of benign and malignantconditions, autoimmune diseases, as well as following trauma orischaemia (Holdenrieder et al 2001, Swaminathan et al, 2006).

In endometriosis the endometrial tissue outside of the uterus remainsresponsive to the menstrual cycle and proliferates and then breaks downleading to a cyclical inflammatory response. The data presented hereinshow that the cyclical growth and degeneration of the endometriosistissue is associated with a variation in the blood levels of nucleosomesresulting from tissue turnover and/or from the associated inflammatoryresponse. This aspect has not previously been investigated as a methodfor the detection of endometriosis. The cyclical growth and degenerationof the endometriosis tissue is also associated with a variation in theblood levels of biomarkers of inflammation resulting from tissueturnover and/Or from the associated inflammatory response. Thisphenomenon has been observed previously (Abrao et al, 1997), but thedifference in levels has not previously been used as a method for thedetection of endometriosis.

In one embodiment, said biomarker comprises a biomarker of inflammation.Such markers of the inflammatory response are known in the artincluding, without limitation, C-reactive protein, high sensitivityC-reactive protein, fibrinogen, amyloid A, CA-125 and inflammatorycytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor, solubleintercellular adhesion molecule, CA 125 or white blood cell count.

In one embodiment, said biomarker comprises a nucleosome. Nucleosomesform the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, which isused to pack the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus. The basicstructure of the nucleosome includes nucleic acid bound to a complex ofhistone proteins including histones 1, 2, 3 and 4. References herein tonucleosomes include references to intact nucleosomes, any component partor parts of nucleosomes, epigenetically altered nucleosomes containing ahistone containing a post-translational modification or nucleosomescontaining a histone variant in one embodiment, said biomarker comprisesan intact nucleosome or any component part or parts of a nucleosome.

In an alternative embodiment, said biomarker comprises a histone,post-translationally modified histone or histone variant. Histones arethe chief protein components of chromatin. References herein to histonesinclude references to a histone containing a post-translationalmodification. In one embodiment said biomarker comprises a histonecontaining a post-translational modification or an epigeneticallyaltered nucleosome containing a histone containing a post-translationalmodification. In an alternative embodiment, said biomarker comprises ahistone variant or a nucleosome containing a histone variant.

In an alternative embodiment, said biomarker comprises a nucleic acid.In a further embodiment, said nucleic acid is a nucleic acid of aspecific sequence. In a further embodiment, said nucleic acid comprisesDNA or RNA. In a yet further embodiment, said nucleic add comprisesmethylated DNA. In a further embodiment, said methylated DNA iscirculating methylated DNA of a specific sequence.

In one embodiment the invention involves the measurement of circulatingnucleosomes in the blood at a particular stage of the menstrual cycle atwhich the levels are predicted-to be high or low. In a preferredembodiment the invention involves the measurement of circulatingnucleosomes in blood taken during the phase of the menstrual cycle tocoincide with a peak in cell death. These measurements have notpreviously been carried out in a timed manner. In an alternativeembodiment the invention involves the measurement of circulating nucleicacids, such as DNA or RNA, in the blood at a particular stage of themenstrual cycle at which the levels are predicted to be high or low. Ina preferred embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic-acids in blood taken during the phase of themenstrual cycle to coincide with a peak in cell death. Thesemeasurements have not previously been carried out in a timed manner.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, of specific sequences, inthe blood at a particular stage of the menstrual cycle at which thelevels are predicted to be high or low. In a preferred embodiment theinvention involves the measurement of circulating nucleic acids ofspecific sequences in blood taken during the phase of the menstrualcycle to coincide with a peak in cell death. These measurements have notpreviously been carried out in a timed manner.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic acids which have been altered epigenetically, suchas methylated DNA, in the blood at a particular stage of the menstrualcycle at which the levels are predicted to be high or low, in apreferred embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating epigenetically altered nucleic acids in blood taken duringthe phase of the menstrual cycle to coincide with a peak in cell death.These measurements have not previously been carried out in a timedmanner.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic acids which have been altered epigenetically, suchas methylated DNA, of specific sequences in the blood at a particularstage of the menstrual cycle at which the levels are predicted to behigh or low, or the epigenetic modification of the nucleic acid ispredicted to differ. In a preferred embodiment the invention involvesthe measurement of circulating -epigenetically altered nucleic acids ofspecific sequences in blood taken during the phase of the menstrualcycle to coincide with a peak in cell death. These measurement's havenot previously been carried out in a timed manner.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating histones which have been altered epigenetically through posttranslational modifications, or the measurement of nucleosomescontaining such modified histones, in the blood at a particular stage ofthe menstrual cycle at which the levels are predicted to be high or loweither in absolute terms or as a proportion of total nucleosomes. In apreferred embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating epigenetically altered histones or nucleosomes in bloodtaken during the phase of the menstrual cycle to coincide with a peak incell death. These measurements have not previously been carried out in atimed manner.

In a preferred embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleosomes in the blood at two or more stages of themenstrual cycle at which the levels are predicted to be high or low,thus demonstrating that the nucleosome blood levels are variable duringthe menstrual cycle. In a particularly preferred embodiment circulatingnucleosomes are measured in two samples taken during the menses phase(Days 1-5) and during the luteal phase (Days 18-28) of the menstrualcycle, or in two samples taken during the follicular phase (Days 6-12)and during the luteal phase (Days 18-28) of the menstrual cycle. Thedifference in circulating nucleosome levels between the two samplesreflecting the peak of cell death which later subsides is taken as anindication of the presence of endometriosis in the patient.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement of acirculating biomarker of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein orother markers of inflammation as defined hereinbefore. In the blood attwo or more stages of the menstrual cycle at which the levels arepredicted to be high or low. Such an embodiment will thereforedemonstrate that the inflammatory biomarker blood levels are variableduring the menstrual cycle. In a preferred embodiment a circulatingmarker of inflammation is measured in two samples taken during themenses and during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Thedifference in marker levels between the two samples is taken as anindication of the presence of endometriosis in the patient.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, in the blood at two ormore stages of the menstrual cycle at which the levels are predicted tobe high or low, thus demonstrating that the nucleic acid blood levelsare variable under the influence of the menstrual cycle. In a preferredembodiment circulating nucleic acid is measured in two samples takenduring the menses and during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, orin two samples taken during the follicular phase and during the lutealphase of the menstrual cycle. The difference in circulating nucleicacids levels between the two samples is taken as an indication of thepresence of endometriosis in the patient.

In a further embodiment the invention involves the measurement of both abiomarker of cell death and a biomarker of inflammation, in the blood attwo or more stages of the menstrual cycle at which the levels arepredicted to be high or low, thus demonstrating that the biomarkerlevels are variable under the influence of the menstrual cycle. In apreferred embodiment circulating biomarkers are measured in two samplestaken during the menses and during the luteal phase of the menstrualcycle, or in two samples taken during the follicular phase and duringthe luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The difference in circulatingbiomarker levels between the two is taken as an indication of thepresence of endometriosis in the patient. Measurement of both aninflammatory and a cell death biomarker in blood samples for thedetection of endometriosis has not previously been investigated. It willbe appreciated by those skilled in the art that an advantage of thisembodiment is increased clinical sensitivity over previous methods dueto the facility to detect growths associated with an increase incirculatory markers of cell death but not associated with an increase incirculatory markers of inflammation and vice versa. This may occur forexample for a growth which exhibits cell death but is located in aposition where this cell death causes minimal inflammation or for agrowth which exhibits a large amount of inflammation for a minimalamount of cell death due to its location.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, of specific sequences inthe blood at two or more stages of the menstrual cycle at which thelevels are predicted to be high or low, thus demonstrating that thenucleic acid blood levels are variable under the influence of themenstrual cycle. In a preferred embodiment circulating nucleic acid ofspecific sequence is measured in two samples taken during the menses andduring the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, or in two samples takenduring the follicular phase and during the luteal phase of the menstrualcycle. The difference in levels of circulating nucleic acids of specificsequence between the two samples is taken as an indication of thepresence of endometriosis in the patient.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic acids which have been altered epigenetically, suchas methylated DNA, in the blood at two or more stages of the menstrualcycle at which the levels are predicted to be high or low either inabsolute terms or relative to other nucleic acid levels, thusdemonstrating that the nucleic acid blood levels are variable under theinfluence of the menstrual cycle. In a preferred embodimentepigenetically altered circulating nucleic acid is measured in twosamples taken during the menses and during the luteal phase of themenstrual cycle, or in two samples taken during the follicular phase andduring the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The difference in levelsof epigenetically altered nucleic acids of specific sequence between thetwo samples is taken as an indication of the presence of endometriosisin the patient.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating nucleic acids which have been altered epigenetically, suchas methylated DNA, of specific sequences in the blood at two or morestages of the menstrual cycle at which the levels are predicted to behigh or low either in absolute terms or relative to other nucleic acidlevels, thus demonstrating that the nucleic acid blood levels, or theepigenetic modification of the nucleic add, are variable under theinfluence of the menstrual cycle, in a preferred embodimentepigenetically altered circulating nucleic acid of specific sequence ismeasured in two samples taken during the menses and during the lutealphase of the menstrual cycle, or in two samples taken during thefollicular phase and during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Thedifference in levels of epigenetically altered nucleic acids of specificsequence between the two samples is taken as an indication of thepresence of endometriosis in the patient.

In an alternative embodiment the invention involves the measurement ofcirculating histones which have been altered epigenetically through posttranslational modifications of component histones, or the measurement ofnucleosomes containing such modified histones, in the blood at two ormore stages of the menstrual cycle at which the levels are predicted tobe high or low either in absolute terms or as a proportion of totalnucleosomes, thus demonstrating that the modified nucleosome or modifiedhistone blood levels, or the nature of the modifications, are variableunder the influence of the menstrual cycle. In a preferred embodimentepigenetically modified histones or nucleosomes are measured in twosamples taken during the menses and during the luteal phase of themenstrual cycle, or in two samples taken during the follicular phase andduring the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The difference in levelsor nature of epigenetically modified histones or nucleosomes between thetwo samples is taken as an indication of the presence of endometriosisin the patient.

In one embodiment, blood nycleosome or nucleic acid levels, such as DNAor RNA, are measured after treatment with a hormone or other substanceleading to an increase or decrease in the blood levels of nucleosomes ornucleic acids in patients with gynaecological growths. Such hormones,are-known in the art and some are used in the treatment of endometriosis(Jenkins et al 2008).

In a further embodiment, blood nucleosome or nucleic acid levels, suchas DNA, RNA and methylated DNA, are measured before and after treatmentwith a hormone leading to an increase or decrease the blood levels ofnucleosomes or nucleic acids, thus demonstrating that the nucleosomes ornucleic add blood levels are variable under the influence of hormones.Such hormones are known in the art and some are used in-the treatment ofendometriosis (Jenkins et al, 2008).

In one embodiment, measurement of nucleosomes or modified nucleosomes ormodified histones comprises an immunoassay. Such an immunoassay includesimmunometric assays such as enzyme-immunometric assay (ELISA),fluorescence labelled immunometric assay, time-resolved fluorescencelabelled immunometric assay, chemiluminesoent immunometric assay,immunoturbidimetric assay, particulate labelled immunometric assay andimmunoradiometric assay and competitive immunoassay methods includinglabelled antigen and labelled antibody competitive immunoassay methodswith a variety of label types including radioactive, enzyme,fluorescent, time-resolved fluorescent and particulate labels, Westernblots and other immunochemical assays. All of said immunoassay methodsare well known in the ad, see for example Satgame et al, 1997 and vanNieuwenhuljze et al, 2003. A commercial kit for the immunometric (ELISA)measurement of nucleosomes has been used for measurement of nucleosomesin blood (Hoidenrieder et al 2001).

Methods for the measurement of circulating nucleic acids in body fluidsare well known in the art and include polymerase chain reaction (PCR)methods. See for example Swaminathan et al 2006 and Zaehariah et al,2009.

In one embodiment, said biological sample comprises a body fluid. Forexample, biological samples that may be tested in a method of theinvention include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), whole blood, blood serum,plasma, menstrual blood, endometrial fluid, urine, saliva, or otherbodily fluid (stool, tear fluid, synovial fluid, sputum), breath, e.g.as condensed breath, or an extract or purification therefrom, ordilution thereof. Biological samples also include tissue homogenates,tissue sections and biopsy specimens from a live subject, or takenpost-mortem. The samples can be prepared, for example where appropriatediluted or concentrated, and stored in the usual manner.

In one embodiment, the body fluid is blood, menstrual blood or aderivative of blood including serum and plasma or urine, in a -furtherembodiment, the body fluid is blood, in a yet further embodiment saidbody fluid is menstrual blood. In an alternative embodiment, said bodyfluid is endometrial fluid.

In one embodiment, the method of the invention is repeated on multiplemenstrual cycles. This embodiment provides the advantage of allowing thedetection results to be monitored over a specified lime period. Such anarrangement will provide the benefit of monitoring or assessing theefficacy of treatment of the gynaecological growth. Such monitoringmethods of the invention can be used to monitor onset, progression,stabilisation, amelioration, relapse and/or remission.

Thus, the invention also provides a method of monitoring efficacy of atherapy for a gynaecological growth in a subject, suspected of havingsuch a growth, comprising detecting and/or quantifying the biomarkerpresent in a biological sample from said subject. In monitoring methods,test samples may be taken on two or more occasions. The method mayfurther comprise comparing the level of the biomarker(s) present in thetest sample with one or more control(s) and/or with one or more previoustest sample(s) taken earlier from the same test subject, e.g. prior tocommencement of therapy, and/or from the same test subject at an earlierstage of therapy. The method may comprise detecting a change in trialnature or amount of the biomaker(s) in less, samples taken on differentoccasions.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention, there is provideda method for monitoring efficacy of therapy for endometriosis in a humanor animal subject comprising;

-   -   (a) quantifying the amount of the biomarker as defined herein;        and    -   (b) comparing the amount of said biomarker in a test sample with        the amount present in one or more control(s) and/or one or more        previous test sample(s) taken at an earlier time from the same        test subject.

A decrease in the level of the biomarker in the test sample relative tothe level in a previous test sample taken earlier from the same testsubject is indicative of a beneficial effect, e.g. stabilisation orimprovement, of said therapy on the disorder or suspected disorder. In apreferred embodiment the biomarker will be measured in repeat samplestaken during the luteal phase (Days 18-28) of a plurality of menstrualcycles.

Methods for monitoring efficacy of a therapy can be used to monitor thetherapeutic effectiveness of existing therapies and new therapies inhuman subjects and in non-human animals (e.g. in animal models). Thesemonitoring methods can be incorporated into screens for new drugsubstances and combinations of substances.

Suitably, the time elapsed between taking samples from a subjectundergoing defection or monitoring may be the menstrual cycle length ofthe subject or any multiple thereof. For subjects with a typical 4 week(28 day) cycle length this may be any one of 4, 8, 12, 18, 20, 24, 28,32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52 weeks or more. It will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that measurement during menses can also be effectedby taking samples during subject menstruation or bleeding and that thismay be the best method for patients with endometriosis who may haveirregular menstrual cycles. Samples may be taken prior to and/or duringand/or following endometriosis therapy. Samples can be taken atintervals over the remaining life, or a part thereof, of a subject.

Furthermore, once treatment has been completed, the method of theinvention may be periodically repeated in order to monitor for therecurrence of the gynaecological growth.

In a further embodiment the monitoring of more rapid changes due to fastacting therapies may be conducted at shorter intervals of hours or days.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod for identifying a biomarker for defecting the presence of agynaecological growth which comprises the steps of (I) measuring abiomarker for cell death, apoptosis, cell growth or inflammation in abiological sample and (ii) determining whether the amount or nature ofsaid biomarker varies during the menstrual hormones, such that controlor influence of said biomarker indicates the identity of a biomarker.

The term “identifying” as used herein means confirming the presence ofthe biomarker present in the biological sample. Quantifying the amountof the biomarker present in a sample may include determining theconcentration of the biomarker present in the sample. Identifying and/orquantifying may be performed directly on the sample, or indirectly on anextract therefrom, or on a dilution thereof.

In alternative aspects of the invention, the presence of the biomarkeris assessed by defecting and/or quantifying antibody or fragmentsthereof capable of specific binding to the biomarker that are generatedby the subject's body in response to the biomarker and thus are presentin a biological sample from a subject having a gynaecological growth.

Identifying and/or quantifying can be performed by any method suitableto identify the presence and/or amount of a specific protein in abiological sample from a patient or a purification or extract of abiological sample or a dilution thereof, in methods of the invention,quantifying may be performed by measuring the concentration of thebiomarker in the sample or samples. Biological samples that may betested in a method of the invention include those as definedhereinbefore. The samples can be prepared, for example where appropriatediluted or concentrated, and stored in the usual manner.

Identification and/or quantification of biomarkers may be performed bydefection of the biomarker or of a fragment thereof, e.g. a fragmentwith C-terminal truncation, or with N-terminal truncation. Fragments aresuitably greater than 4 amino acids in length, for example 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids in length.

The biomarker may be directly detected, e.g. by SELDI or MALDI-TOF.Alternatively, the biomarker may be detected directly or indirectly viainteraction with a ligand or ligands such as an antibody or abiomarker-binding fragment thereof, or other peptide, or ligand, e.g.,aptamer, or oligonucleotide, capable of specifically binding thebiomarker. The ligand may possess a detectable label, such as aluminescent, fluorescent or radioactive label, and/or an affinity tag.

For example, detecting and/or quantifying can be performed by one ormore method(s) selected from the group consisting of: SELDI (-TOF),MALDI (-TOF), a 1-D gel-based analysis, a 2-D gel-based analysis, Massspec (MS), reverse phase (RP) LC, size permeation (get filtration), ionexchange, affinity, HPLC, UPLC and other LC or LC MS-based techniques.Appropriate LC MS techniques include ICAT® (Applied Biosystems, CA,USA), or ITRAQ® (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). Liquid chromatography(e.g. high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or low pressure liquidchromatography (LPLC)), thin-layer chromatography, NMR (nuclear magneticresonance) spectroscopy could also be used.

Methods of diagnosing or monitoring according to the invention maycomprise analysing a sample of endometrial fluid by SELDI TOF or MALDITOF to detect the presence or level of the biomarker. These methods arealso suitable for clinical screening, prognosis, monitoring the resultsof therapy, identifying patients most likely to respond to a particulartherapeutic treatment, for drug screening and development, andidentification of new targets for drug treatment.

Identifying and/or quantifying the analyte biomarkers may be performedusing an immunological method, involving an antibody, or a fragmentthereof capable of specific binding to the biomarker. Suitableimmunological methods include sandwich immunoassays, such as sandwichELISA, in which the detection of the analyte biomarkers is performedusing two antibodies which recognize different epitopes on a analytebiomarker; radioimmunoassays (RIA), direct, indirect or competitiveenzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), enzyme immunoassays (EIA),Fluorescence immunoassays (FIA), western blotting, immunoprecipitationand any particle-based immunoassay (e.g. using gold, silver, or latexparticles, magnetic, particles, or Q-dots). Immunological methods may beperformed, for example, in microtitre plate or strip format.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided abiomarker identified by the method as defined herein.

In one embodiment, one or more of the biomarkers may be replaced by amolecule, or a measurable fragment of the molecule, found upstream ordownstream of the biomarker in a biological pathway.

The identification of key biomarkers specific to a disease is central tointegration of diagnostic procedures and therapeutic regimes. Usingpredictive biomarkers appropriate diagnostic tools such as biosensorscan be developed; accordingly, in methods and uses of the invention,identifying and quantifying can be performed using a biosensor,microanalytical system, microengineered system, microseparatien system,immunochromatography system or other suitable analytical devices. Thebiosensor may incorporate an immunological method for detection of thebiomarker(s), electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical (e.g. hologram) oracoustic technologies. Using such biosensors, it is possible to detectthe target biomarkers) at the anticipated concentrations found inbiological samples.

As used herein, the term “biosensor” means anything capable of detectingthe presence of the biomarker. Examples of biosensors are describedherein.

Biosensors according to the invention may comprise a ligand or ligands,as described herein, capable of specific binding to the biomarker. Suchbiosensors are useful in defecting and/or quantifying a biomarker of theinvention.

The biomarker(s) of the invention can be detected using a biosensorincorporating technologies based on “smart” holograms, or high frequencyacoustic systems, such systems are particularly amenable to “bar code”or array configurations.

In smart hologram sensors (Smart Holograms Ltd. Cambridge, UK), aholographic image is stored in a thin polymer film that is sensitised toreact specifically with the biomarker. On exposure, the biomarker reactswith the polymer leading to an alteration in the image displayed by thehologram. The test result read-out can be a change in the opticalbrightness, image, colour and/or position of the image. For qualitativeand semi-quantitative applications, a sensor hologram can be read byeye, thus removing the need for detection equipment. A simple coloursensor can be used to read the signal when quantitative measurements arerequired. Opacity or colour of the sample does not interfere withoperation of the sensor. The format of the sensor allows multiplexingfor simultaneous detection of several substances. Reversible andirreversible sensors can be designed to meet different requirements, andcontinuous monitoring of a particular biomarker of interest is feasible.

Suitably, biosensors for detection of one or more biomarkers of theinvention combine biomolecular recognition with appropriate means toconvert detection of the presence, or quantitation, of the biomarker inthe sample info a signal. Biosensors can be adapted for “alternate site”diagnostic testing, e.g. in the ward, outpatients' department, surgery,home, field and workplace.

Biosensors to detect one or more biomarkers of the invention includeacoustic, plasmon resonance, holographic and microengineered sensors,imprinted recognition elements, thin film transistor technology,magnetic acoustic resonator devices and other novel acousto-electricalsystems may be employed in biosensors for detection of the one or morebiomarkers of the invention.

Methods involving identification and/or quantification of one or morebiomarkers of the invention can be performed on bench-top instruments,or can be incorporated onto disposable, diagnostic or monitoringplatforms that can be used in a non-laboratory environment, e.g. in thephysician's office or at the patient's bedside. Suitable biosensors forperforming methods of the invention include “credit” cards with opticalor acoustic readers. Biosensors can be configured to allow the datacollected to be electronically transmitted to the physician forinterpretation and thus can form the basis for e-medicine.

Diagnostic kits for the diagnosis and monitoring of the presence of agynaecological growth are described herein. In one embodiment, the kitsadditionally contain a biosensor capable of identifying and/orquantifying a biomarker. A kit for diagnosing or monitoringendometriosis is provided. Suitably a kit according to the invention maycontain one or more components selected from the group: a ligand, orligands specific for the biomarker or a structural/shape mimic of thebiomarker, one or more controls, one or more reagents and one or moreconsumables; optionally together with instructions for use of the kit inaccordance with any of the methods defined herein.

The identification of biomarkers for endometriosis permits integrationof diagnostic procedures and therapeutic, regimes. Detection of abiomarker of the invention can be used to screen subjects prior to theirparticipation in clinical trials. The biomarkers provide the means toindicate therapeutic response, failure to respond, unfavourableside-effect profile, degree of medication compliance and achievement ofadequate serum drug levels. The biomarkers may be used to providewarning of adverse drug response, Biomarkers are useful in developmentof personalized therapies, as assessment of response can be used tofine-tune dosage, minimise the number of prescribed medications, reducethe delay in attaining effective therapy and avoid adverse drugreactions. Thus by monitoring a biomarker of the invention, patient carecan be tailored precisely to match the needs: determined by the disorderand the pharmacogersomic profile of the patient, the biomarker can thusbe used to titrate the optimal dose, predict a positive therapeuticresponse and identify those patients at high risk of severe sideeffects.

Biomarker-based tests provide a first line assessment of ‘new’ patients,and provide objective measures for accurate and rapid diagnosis, notachievable using the current measures.

Furthermore, diagnostic biomarker tests are useful to identify familymembers or patients with mild or asymptomatic endometriosis or who maybe at high risk of developing symptomatic endometriosis. This permitsinitiation of appropriate therapy, or preventive measures, e.g. managingrisk factors. These approaches are recognised to improve outcome and mayprevent overt onset of the disorder.

Biomarker monitoring methods, biosensors and kits are also vital aspatient monitoring tools, to enable the physician to determine whetherrelapse is due to worsening of the disorder, if pharmacologicaltreatment is assessed to be inadequate, then therapy can be reinstatedor increased; a change in therapy can be given if appropriate. As thebiomarkers are sensitive to the state of the disorder, they provide anindication of the impact of drug therapy.

A regular healthy menstrual cycle is usually described as being anapproximately monthly cycle designated as beginning at Day 0 with theonset of menses when the endometrial lining of the uterus is shed alongwith some blood. The menses phase typically lasts until Day 5 whichmarks the beginning of the proliferative phase. The proliferative phaseinvolves a thickening of the endometrial lining of the uterus andcontinues until blood oestrogen, LH and FSH hormone levels peak andovulation occurs on approximately Day 14. The formation of the corpusluteum marks the beginning of the secretory phase when progesteronelevels rise and fall again typically by Day 28 in a healthy cycle,followed (in the absence of pregnancy) by onset of the subsequentmenses.

The menstrual cycle is also alternatively described as comprising amenses, a follicular phase, a peri-ovulatory phase and a luteal phase.Menses occurs on approximately Days 1-5. The follicular phase involvesthe maturation of follicles in the ovary, it commences with the onset ofmenses and continues until blood oestrogen, LH and FSH hormone levelspeak end ovulation occurs on approximately Day 14, The peri-ovuiatoryphase occurs approximately on days 14-17. The formation of the corpusluteum on approximately Day 14 marks the beginning of the luteal phasewith rising progesterone levels and (in the absence of pregnancy) ifends in luteolysis with falling progesterone levels typically by Day 28in a healthy cycle, followed by onset of the subsequent menses. It willbe appreciated to those skilled in the art that the particularnomenclature used, for the menstrual cycle will not affect theimplementation of the invention, in the present invention the mensesphase is considered to begin at the onset of menstruation, usuallyconsidered Day 0 of the menstrual cycle, and to continue typically in ahealthy subject until approximately Day 5. In one aspect of theinvention measurement of a marker of cell death or inflammation producedin endometriosis patients during the menses period will be made inpatient samples taken during the period from Day 0 to Day 5. It will beappreciated by those skilled in the art that (i) the length of mensesmay vary in individual patients and (ii) that the biomarker in the bloodor other fluid sampled, produced by endometriosis patients, may notdisappear immediate following the end of the phase, but may slowly fallover one, two, or a few days. Thus in some patients with irregularmenstrual cycles or particularly long or short cycles, the phases maynot correspond exactly to these days.

The invention will now be illustrated with reference to the followingnon-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Serial serum or plasma samples are taken from a confirmed endometriosisand an endometriosis free patient on a number of days during themenstrual cycle and assayed for nucleosome levels using a nucleosomeELISA such as that described by Salgame et al, 1997, Holdenrieder et al,2001 or van Nieuwenhuijze M et al, 2003. The day of the menstrual cycleon which each blood sample is taken is determined by reference to theonset or end of menstrual bleeding or by the measurement of menstrualhormones. The difference in nucleosome levels that occurs between thesamples taken during menses and during the luteal phase for theendometriosis positive patient, but does not occur in the endometriosisnegative patient is used as an indicator for the disease.

EXAMPLE 2

Serial serum or plasma samples are taken from a confirmed endometriosisand an endometriosis free patient on a number of days during themenstrual cycle and assayed for DNA levels by PCR by the method ofZachariah et al, 2009. The day of the menstrual cycle on which eachblood sample is taken is determined by reference to the onset or end ofmenstrual bleeding or by the measurement of menstrual hormones. Thedifference in DNA levels that, occurs between the samples taken duringmenses and during the luteal phases, for the endometriosis positivepatient, but does not occur in the endometriosis negative patient isused as an indicator for the disease.

EXAMPLE 3

Serial serum or plasma samples are taken from a confirmed endometriosisand an endometriosis free patient on a number of days during themenstrual cycle and assayed for C-Reactive Protein levels by an ELISAmethod. The day of the menstrual cycle on which each blood sample istaken is determined by reference to the onset or end of menstrualbleeding or by the measurement of menstrual hormones. The difference inC-Reactive Protein levels that occurs between the samples taken duringmenses and during the luteal phases for the endometriosis positivepatient, but does not occur in the endometriosis negative patient isused as an indicator for the disease.

EXAMPLE 4

Serial serum or plasma samples are taken from a confirmed endometriosisand an endometriosis free patient on a number of days during themenstrual cycle and assayed for CA-125 levels by an ELISA method. Theday of the menstrual cycle on which each blood sample is taken isdetermined by reference to the onset or end of menstrual bleeding or bythe measurement of menstrual hormones. The difference in CA-125 levelsthat occurs between the samples taken during menses and during theluteal phases for the endometriosis positive patient, but does not occurin the endometriosis negative patient is used as an indicator for thedisease.

EXAMPLE 5

Serum or plasma is taken from a number of confirmed endometriosis andendometriosis free patients and assayed for nucleosome levels using anucleosome ELISA such as that described by Salgame et al, 1997,Holdenrieder et al, 2001 or van Nieuwenhuijze et al, 2003. The day ofthe menstrual cycle on which each subject was investigated is determinedby reference to the onset or end of menstrual bleeding, it will be clearto those skilled in the art that tills represents a cross-sectionalstudy, rather than a longitudinal study, where a single sample taken ata variety of phases of the menstrual cycle is assayed from a number ofpatients. For the endometriosis positive samples there is an increase inthe mean nucleosome levels for samples taken around the time of theluteal phase and lower levels for samples taken during other phases ofthe menstrual cycle. This difference does not occur or is much lesspronounced for endometriosis free samples.

We coated microliter plates (Nunc F8 Maxisorp) with-a mouse monoclonalanti-nucleosome antibody in 100 ul 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 18hours at 4° C. Excess antibody was removed by washing twice-with 0.1 Mphosphate buffer pH7.4 and wells were blocked by adding 200 ul 2% bovineserum: albumin in 0.1M phosphate buffer pH7.4 and leaving at roomtemperature for 30 minutes. Excess bovine serum albumin was removed bywashing three times with 200 ul 0.1M phosphate buffer pH7.4. To eachwell was added 10 ul of a serum sample from a defined phase of themenstrual cycle of a woman with or without endometriosis and 50 ul ofassay buffer (0.05M TRIS/HCl pH 7.5 containing 0.9% w/v NaCl, 0.05% w/vsodium deoxychoiate and 1%-v/v Tween 20). Wells were incubated for 18hours at 4° C. Serum was then decanted and removed by washing threetimes with 200 ul of wash buffer (0.05M TRIS/HCl pH 7.5 containing 1%v/v Tween 20). Bloiinyiated ante nucleosome antibody was added in assaybuffer and incubated for 90 minutes at room temperature with shaking.Excess unbound biotinylated antibody was decanted and the wells againwashed three times. Streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase conjugate wasadded in assay buffer and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperaturewith shaking. Excess unbound streptavldin conjugate was decanted and thewells again washed three times. Enzyme substrate (100 ul2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) was added anincubated approximately 15 minutes with shaking and the colour producedwas read on a plate reader at a wavelength of 405 nm. The colourintensity was used a measure of the level of nucleosomes present in theserum sample (arbitrary optical density units). The results aresummarised in Table 1 and FIG. 1 show that the level of circulatingnucleosomes present during the luteal phase is higher than during themenses and this effect is greater in women with endometriosis than womenwithout endometriosis. Thus a large rise in nucleosome levels in theluteal phase over that present at the menses is indicative ofendometriosis.

TABLE 1 Mean levels of circulating nucleosomes detected in women withand without endometriosis during menses and luteal phases (arbitraryunits) Endometriosis Endometriosis Phase positive negative Mensesundetectable 0.12 Luteal phase 0.24 0.04

EXAMPLE 6

Serum or plasma is taken from a number of confirmed endometriosis andendometriosis free patients and assayed for DNA levels by PCR by themethod of Zachariah et al, 2009. The day of the menstrual cycle on whicheach subject was investigated is determined by reference to the onset orend of menstrual bleeding or by the measurement of menstrual hormones.It will be clear to those skilled in the art that this represents aoross-sectlonal study, where a single sample taken at a variety ofphases of the menstrual cycle is assayed from a number of patients. Forthe endometriosis positive samples there is an increase in the mean DNAlevels for samples taken around the time of the luteal phase and lowerlevels for samples taken during other phases of the menstrual cycle.This difference does not occur or is less pronounced for endometriosisfree samples.

EXAMPLE 7

Serum or plasma is taken from a number of confirmed endometriosis andendometriosis free patients and assayed for C-Reactive Protein levels byan ELISA method. The day of the menstrual cycle on which each subjectwas investigated is determined by reference to the onset or end ofmenstrual bleeding or by the measurement of menstrual hormones. It willbe clear to those skilled in the art that this represents across-sectional study, where a single sample taken at a variety ofphases of the menstrual cycle is assayed from a number of patients. Forthe endometriosis positive samples there is an increase in the mean forC-Reactive Protein levels for samples taken around the time of themenses and low levels for samples taken during the luteal phases of themenstrual cycle. This difference does not occur or is less pronouncedfor endometriosis free samples.

EXAMPLE 8

Serum: or plasma is taken from a subject on days from two differentstages of the menstrual cycle and assayed for nucleosome levels using anucleosome ELISA.

The days of the menstrual cycle on which the subject was investigated isdetermined by reference to the onset or end of menstrual bleeding or bythe measurement of menstrual hormones. One of the samples is takenduring the menses and the other is taken during the luteal phase of themenstrual cycle. If the difference in nucleosome levels that occursbetween the samples taken during menses and during the luteal phasesexceeds a preset cutoff the subject is considered positive forendometriosis, if the nucteosome levels measured are insufficientlydifferent between the menses and the luteal phase and this differencedoes not exceed the cutoff, the subject is considered negative forendometriosis,

EXAMPLE 9

Serum or plasma is taken from a subject on days from two differentstages of the menstrual cycle and assayed for DNA levels by PCR by themethod of Zachariah et al, 2009. The days of the menstrual cycle onwhich the subject was investigated is determined by reference to theonset or end of menstrual bleeding or by the measurement of menstrualhormones. One of the samples is taken during the menses and the other istaken during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. If the differencein DNA levels that occurs between the samples taken during menses andduring the late proliferative or secretory phases exceeds a presetcutoff the subject is considered positive for endometriosis, if the DNAlevels measured are insufficiently different between the menses and theluteal phase and this difference does not exceed the cutoff, the subjectis considered negative for endometriosis.

EXAMPLE 10

Serum or plasma is taken from a subject on days from two differentstages of the menstrual cycle and assayed for C-Reactive Protein levelsby an ELISA method. The days of the menstrual cycle on which the subjectwas investigated is determined fay reference to the onset or end ofmenstrual bleeding or by the measurement of menstrual hormones, One ofthe samples is taken during the menses and the other is taken during theluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. If the difference in C-ReactlveProtein levels that occurs between the samples taken during menses andduring the luteal phases exceeds a preset cutoff the subject isconsidered positive for endometriosis. If the C-Reactive Protein levelsmeasured are insufficiently and this difference does not exceed thecutoff, the subject is considered negative for endometriosis.

EXAMPLE 11

Serum or plasma is taken from a subject previously diagnosed withendometriosis on a day of the menstrual cycle during menses which ispredicted to be of high nucleosome levels and assayed for nucleosomelevels using -a nucleosome ELISA such as that described by Salgame etal, 1997, Holdenrieder et al, 2001 or van Nieuwenhuijze et al, 2003. Theprocess is repeated on the same day of the menstrual cycle of subsequentmenstrual cycles during treatment for the disease. The days of themenstrual cycle on which the .subject was investigated is determined byreference to the onset or end of menstrual bleeding or by themeasurement of menstrual hormones. The level of nucleosomes in the serumor plasma over time is used to monitor the efficacy of treatment, itwill be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other biomarkers ofcell death or inflammation including, without limitation, nucleic acidsand C-Reactive Protein can be used in the same way to monitor efficacyof treatment.

EXAMPLE 12

Serum or plasma is taken from a subject previously diagnosed withendometriosis on a day of the menstrual cycle during menses which ispredicted to be of high nucleosome levels and assayed for nucleosomelevels using a nucleosome ELISA. The process is repeated on the same dayof the menstrual cycle of subsequent menstrual cycles. The days of themenstrual cycle on which the subject was investigated is determined byreference to the onset or end of menstrual bleeding or by themeasurement of menstrual hormones. The level of nucleosomes in the serumor plasma over time is used to monitor the patient for the return of thedisease. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that otherbiomarkers of cell death or inflammation including, without limitation,nucleic acids and C-Reactive Protein can be used in the same way tomonitor for return of disease.

EXAMPLE 13

A serum or plasma sample is taken from a confirmed endometriosis and ahealthy patient on a day during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycleand assayed for nucleosome levels using a nucleosome ELISA such as thatdescribed by Salgame et al, 1997, Holdenrieder et al, 2001 or vanNieuwenhuijze et al 2003. The day of the menstrual cycle on which eachblood sample is taken is determined by reference to the onset or end ofmenstrual bleeding or by the measurement of menstrual hormones, A highlevel of nucleosomes is found in the endometriosis positive patient anda lower level is found in the healthy patient it will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art-that other biomarkers of cell death orinflammation including, without limitation, nucleic acids and C-ReactiveProtein can be used in the same way as an indicator of endometriosisprovided the samples are taken at an appropriate time during themenstrual cycle when inflammation and cell death are occurring inendometriosis positive patients,

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1-16. (canceled)
 17. A method of treating endometriosis in a subject inneed thereof, wherein the endometriosis results in part from agyenocological growth, which method comprises the steps of: (i)determining the day or phase of the subject's menstrual cycle; (ii)taking body fluid samples at two or more different times during themenstrual cycle, characterised in that a first sample is taken duringthe menses phase of the menstrual cycle and a second sample is takenduring either the follicular or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle,wherein the body fluid sample is blood; (iii) measuring nucleosomes or acomponent part thereof in said first and second samples; (iv) using: thelevels of the nucleosome or the component part thereof in the twosamples, and the difference in the biomarker levels between the twosamples, as an indicator of the presence of the gynaecological growth;and (v) removing the gynaecological growth surgically, or administeringto the subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprisingone or more of androgens, GnRH agonists, progestagens, and oralcontraceptives, thereby treating endometriosis.
 18. (canceled)
 19. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the second sample is taken during thefollicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
 20. A method as defined inclaim 17, wherein said nucleosome or component part thereof comprises anintact nucleosome, a histone including a post-translationally modifiedhistone, a histone variant or a nucleic acid including DNA or methylatedDNA.
 21. A method as defined in claim 17, wherein said biomarker isreleased from the cells of the gynaecological growth.
 22. A method asdefined in claim 17, wherein the step of determining the day or phase ofthe menstrual cycle is determined by reference to patient symptomsrelated to the menstrual cycle, such as temperature, pain and the onsetor end of menstrual bleeding.
 23. A method as defined in claim 17,wherein the step of determining the day or phase of the menstrual cycleis determined by measurement of menstrual hormones or metabolites.